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Critical Review of Oxymetholone Injection Administration in Sports
Sports pharmacology is a rapidly growing field that aims to enhance athletic performance through the use of various substances. One such substance that has gained popularity among athletes is oxymetholone, a synthetic anabolic steroid. While its use is controversial and banned by most sports organizations, it continues to be used by some athletes seeking to gain a competitive edge. In this article, we will critically review the administration of oxymetholone injections in sports, examining its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential side effects.
Pharmacokinetics of Oxymetholone
Oxymetholone is a synthetic derivative of testosterone, with a molecular weight of 332.482 g/mol. It is available in oral and injectable forms, with the injectable form being the preferred route of administration for athletes due to its longer half-life and lower risk of liver toxicity (Kicman, 2008). Once injected, oxymetholone is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches peak plasma levels within 2-3 hours (Kicman, 2008). It has a half-life of approximately 8-9 hours, meaning it stays in the body for a relatively short period of time (Kicman, 2008).
After absorption, oxymetholone is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine (Kicman, 2008). It is primarily metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4, with some contribution from CYP2D6 (Kicman, 2008). This metabolism results in the formation of several metabolites, including 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol (Kicman, 2008). These metabolites are detectable in urine for up to 2 weeks after administration, making it difficult to use oxymetholone without detection in drug tests (Kicman, 2008).
Pharmacodynamics of Oxymetholone
Oxymetholone is a potent anabolic steroid, with an anabolic to androgenic ratio of 320:45 (Kicman, 2008). This means that it has a high potential for muscle growth and a relatively low potential for androgenic side effects. It works by binding to androgen receptors in muscle cells, stimulating protein synthesis and increasing nitrogen retention (Kicman, 2008). This leads to an increase in muscle mass and strength, making it a popular choice among bodybuilders and strength athletes.
In addition to its anabolic effects, oxymetholone also has some androgenic effects, such as increased sebum production and hair growth (Kicman, 2008). However, these effects are less pronounced compared to other anabolic steroids, making it a preferred choice for female athletes (Kicman, 2008). It also has a mild estrogenic effect, which can lead to water retention and gynecomastia in some individuals (Kicman, 2008).
Side Effects of Oxymetholone
Like all anabolic steroids, oxymetholone has a range of potential side effects that athletes should be aware of before using it. These include liver toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and endocrine disturbances (Kicman, 2008). The most concerning side effect of oxymetholone is its potential to cause liver damage, as it is a 17α-alkylated steroid (Kicman, 2008). This means that it has been modified at the 17th carbon position to survive first-pass metabolism in the liver, but this also makes it more toxic to the liver (Kicman, 2008). Long-term use of oxymetholone can lead to liver tumors, peliosis hepatis, and cholestasis (Kicman, 2008).
In terms of cardiovascular effects, oxymetholone can increase blood pressure and cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of heart disease (Kicman, 2008). It can also cause changes in the levels of various hormones in the body, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone (Kicman, 2008). This can lead to endocrine disturbances, such as testicular atrophy, decreased sperm production, and gynecomastia (Kicman, 2008).
Real-World Examples
The use of oxymetholone in sports has been well-documented, with several high-profile cases of athletes testing positive for the substance. One such example is the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who was stripped of his gold medal at the 1988 Olympics after testing positive for oxymetholone (Yesalis, 1993). Another example is the case of American baseball player Mark McGwire, who admitted to using oxymetholone during his career (Yesalis, 1993). These cases highlight the prevalence of oxymetholone use in sports and the potential consequences for athletes who choose to use it.
Expert Opinion
While oxymetholone may offer some benefits in terms of muscle growth and strength, its potential side effects and the risk of detection in drug tests make it a risky choice for athletes. As a researcher in the field of sports pharmacology, I strongly advise against the use of oxymetholone in sports. There are safer and more effective ways to enhance athletic performance, such as proper training, nutrition, and legal supplements.
References
Kicman, A. T. (2008). Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(3), 502-521.
Yesalis, C. E. (1993). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: Current issues. Sports Medicine, 16(2), 150-155.
